Multiple Thoughts in One Sentence

Different Thoughts in One Sentence Different Thoughts in One Sentence Different Thoughts in One Sentence By Michael The standard of putting a period toward the finish of each idea would be less complex, then again, actually in English, were permitted to remember more than one idea for a similar sentence. These musings are communicated in provisos, and conditions can be free or subordinate. For instance, that last sentence has two free provisions, isolated by a comma and the word and. With free provisions, the two contemplations dont must be remembered for a similar sentence. In the past section, I could have stated, These musings are communicated in provisions. They can be either autonomous or subordinate. Do you perceive how free they truly are? They bode well in any event, when theyre isolated. Putting a period between two autonomous statements normally doesnt make them any harder to comprehend. The cadence or stream of the composing is somewhat choppier, yet that is it. More often than not, long sentences are abused and short sentences are underused. Focus on your composition. It is safe to say that you are sticking different contemplations in a single sentence? Is it true that you are doing that again and again? Maybe you should utilize the period all the more frequently! Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?A While versus Awhile10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: Migration -- Toni Morrison The Bluest Eye

The Bluest Eye:â Migrationâ â â â â â â Morrison portrays an enormous piece of African American culture when she puts the characters in a urban territory. The difference in condition from the north toward the south assumes a key job in the loss of shared ties. African Americans are amazingly influenced given that they are dislodged and are endeavoring to fit in with northern social gauges. The accentuation in the north is on material riches and magnificence, though the south is all the more family arranged. The relocation may have uprooted numerous individuals, anyway it provides openings for work just as financial increase. Pauline and Cholly were vagrants from little country towns. After getting hitched, Cholly recommended a move 'far up north. . .where steel plants were asking for laborers (92). The flood of modern specialists made a solid common laborers, permitting African Americans to buy homes. The open occupation showcase made claiming property achievable for some African Americans. New wages and openings for work upgraded the nature of living for the new inhabitants. Buying power took on centrality in the African American home, and love is supplanted with material things. Love is supplanted with blessing giving, and the endowments must adjust to white beliefs. Claudia encounters this marvel at Christmas when she gets a major blue peered toward child doll (19). Claudia ponders how she felt about the doll while expressing, I had just one want: to dissect it. To perceive what it was made of to find the dearness, to discover the magnificence (20). In Susan Willis' basic paper I Shop Therefore I Am she talks about the thinking behind Claudia's displeasure towards the doll. After accepting the doll, Claudia's primary reason for existing is to find the rootedness of white control. The onl... ...ass residents in white America, given that they were brought over as slaves. The subjugation of African Americans by whites cut off any social ties and dehumanized the slaves. Experts persuaded African Americans that they were unequipped for culture so as to make a fatherly relationship. The loss of character constrained the captives to go about as their lords considered suitable. African Americans' movement toward the north parralled this idea they should comply with the norms of white culture that they are prepared to comply. Relating to their own way of life in another condition is troublesome, on the grounds that congruity is fundamental to fit into white society. The movement from the south toward the north changed African American qualities from network to ware, wrecking social ties. Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1993.

Cognitive Restructuring and Social Anxiety

Cognitive Restructuring and Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print Understanding Cognitive Restructuring Core Part of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on November 16, 2018 Pixelfit/Getty Images More in Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Social Skills Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Work and School Related Conditions Cognitive restructuring is an essential part of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT, an intensive form of therapy that requires significant effort on the part of the patient with assistance from a therapist, is considered to be one of the most effective treatment options for mental disorders like social anxiety disorder (SAD). What Is Cognitive Restructuring? Cognitive restructuring is a CBT technique that involves identifying and disputing irrational thoughts and negative automatic thoughts. It draws on several different methods such as thought recording, disputation, and guided questioning. The goal of cognitive restructuring is to replace anxiety-inducing thoughts with more rational and positive ones to reduce anxiety. The theory behind cognitive restructuring is that negative thoughts can be reformulated through practice. This process involves  testing ideas for their accuracy and questioning if they are reality or just your own mistaken perception. Does Cognitive Restructuring Help Social Anxiety Disorder? The results of a 2016 study suggested that cognitive restructuring may positively impact social anxiety in the short-term, not because of changes in the perceived accuracy of negative thoughts, but rather simply due to exposure to a feared situation. This suggests that its not so much replacing negative thoughts that is important, but rather going into situations and gradually having anxiety lessen. However, a 2014 study showed that post-event processing (PEP) was reduced after cognitive restructuring. PEP refers to the ruminative thoughts that you have after a social situation, such as I screwed it all up or Everyone saw how nervous I was. This seems to indicate that changes in thinking are important for anxiety reduction. While we dont know the precise reason cognitive restructuring has an effect, it is likely a combination of these factors: thinking more rationally, facing situations that scare you, and engaging in less ruminative afterthoughts. Each of these aspects will strengthen each other in a positive cycle. How to Practice Cognitive Restructuring On Your Own Cognitive restructuring is an intensive process. It is usually recommended that you work with a therapist who specializes in both social anxiety and cognitive behavioral therapy. However, while its true that you should generally practice cognitive restructuring under the guidance of a trained therapist, you can also get started with some self-help techniques. Below are some tips on how to start practicing cognitive restructuring in your everyday life. There are several steps to cognitive restructuring: Record: Record your thoughts in a journal, including all negative thoughts you have about yourself or self-limiting ideas. Also, note the situation at hand:  was it a large party with people you didnt know? Or, was it a public presentation in front of coworkers? Write down the implications of how you felt. If you were convinced you were going to fail, did that make you more nervous or did you refuse to attend the event?Analyze: With the help of your therapist, review the notes you have written to determine if certain patterns exist. You may find that you are okay in  work settings, but get anxious at parties where you dont know anyone. It might be that public speaking scares you, but not mingling with strangers. Analyzing these triggers can help you and your therapist create a strategy to combat your unique form of social anxiety.Dispute: Review the thoughts about yourself and critique them for accuracy. If you wrote down I always fail at everything, think about times when you did su cceed in your social or professional life. Identify a few examples, and  disprove the thought that you wrote down.Replace: Replace those disproven negative thoughts with accurate and positive affirmations. Instead of I always screw up, replace that thought with Im a very strong researcher or Im a great listener. Tips for Using Cognitive Restructuring Below are some additional tips to make the most of cognitive restructuring. Its best to be in a calm state of mind when doing this process. If you are still anxious from a situation, take some time to calm yourself by using techniques such as deep breathing or meditation. Use a self-help book specifically designed to help you implement CBT techniques. Most of these books will include a worksheet to help you practice cognitive restructuring. Monitor yourself for negative automatic thoughts in the future and replace them with the positive affirmations that you created. Practicing mindfulness meditation can be helpful to learn how to detach yourself from your thoughts or to let them go without fighting against them. It can be used alongside cognitive restructuring as a helpful tool. A Word From Verywell Cognitive restructuring is not an easy skill to learn, even with the help of a healthcare provider. Particularly if you have social anxiety, you likely have spent years thinking negatively about yourself, worsening your anxiety and nervousness. However, cognitive restructuring does get easier with practice. Continue working on it for your different fears with the help of your therapist or doctor. Over time, cognitive restructuring and cognitive behavioral therapy can have a significant impact on your social anxiety. Underlying your negative thoughts is a core belief about yourself and your ability to function in social and performance situations. Once your thoughts and actions are significantly changed, your core beliefs will also eventually shift.

A Comparison of Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite Essay

Mythology was very important to the men and women of ancient Greece. They worshipped the gods and goddesses, wrote poems about them, and based a great deal of art work off of them. The people of Greece looked to the gods and goddesses for help in all aspects of their lives; including health, agriculture, and war. Reading about Greek mythology can inform people about the society of Greece itself because the Greek gods were created by the people of Greece. Three main goddesses who were worshipped by the Greeks were Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. These three goddesses represent three different types of women in Greek society. Sarah Pomeroy, author of Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves, believed that â€Å"the goddesses are archetypal images of†¦show more content†¦Here the author explains that much of the reason why men of the society felt it necessary for the women to remain a virgin until marriage was because they were afraid of the sexual power that women had over men. For this reason girls were forced into marriage as soon as puberty hit; when they were able to understand and feel a sexual desire toward men (Walcot 39). The third and final trait that will be discussed is submission to men. In Greek culture, the men had all of the power. Women were supposed to stay at home while their husbands worked and had relations with other females. In this quote Walcot supports this idea: â€Å"Thus Greek wives were required to be totally faithful, whereas husbands might amuse themselves outside the home with those other than their wives† (39). This paper will explore these Greek goddesses and how they differ or are similar with three important traits of Greek women which were domesticity and motherhood, virginity until marriage, and submission to men. Hera, the wife and sister of Zeus, queen of the gods, and goddess of marriage is a goddess who represented the reality of marriage for Greek women. Homer describes her as â€Å"Queen of the immortals, beautiful beyond all others, sister of loud-thundering Zeus and glorious wife† (148). Hera is similar to Greek women in two out of the three traits. The first trait ofShow MoreRelated Roman And Greek Gods Essay example1482 Words   |  6 PagesItaly before the Greek religion became influential there.† (Pg. 333) This implies that the idea of Zeus, Jupiter and Jove had very little influence on each other since they were created before the Greek myths and Roman myths had started to cross paths. Hera, the wife and sister of Zeus, was the goddess of marriage, childbirth, and the queen of the heavens. She gave birth to Ares, Hebe, and Eileithyia. She also gave birth to Hephaestus, but it has been believed that she bore him without the aid of ZeusRead MoreThe Nature Of The Gods94 8 Words   |  4 Pagesremain untouchable by their puppets. Throughout the Iliad, the mortals were able to interact with the gods. There were sexual relations between gods and mortals as well as mortals physically harming the gods. In Books 5 and 6 we see Diamedes wounds Aphrodite, goddess of love, and attacks Apollo and Ares, gods of the moon and war (respectively). Humans are capable of attacking gods, leaving less of a difference between gods and human. The gods also had sexual relations with humans resulting in demigods:Read MoreTroy vs. the Iliad Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pages never be here again (Troy 2004). The suspected start of the war- over the abduction of Helen, Queen of Sparta- was caused entirely by a godly conflict over who was the most beautiful- Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris, son of King Priam of Troy, was selected to judge. He chose Aphrodite, who in turn gave him Helen, who was her equivalent in beauty amongst humans. In both versions, Paris is portrayed as a wife stealing, thief in the night. His brother Hector and he were on a peaceRead More Troy vs. The Iliad Essays1385 Words   |  6 Pages We will never be here again (Troy 2004). The suspected start of the war- over the abduction of Helen, Queen of Sparta- was caused entirely by a godly conflict over who was the most beautiful- Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris, son of King Priam of Troy, was selected to judge. He chose Aphrodite, who in turn gave him Helen, who was her equivalent in beauty amongst humans. In both versions, Paris is portrayed as a wife stealing, thief in the night. His brother Hector and he were on a peace missionRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey977 Words   |  4 Pagesand situations of the characters, molding them to the desired outcome. Without the influence of the gods in either of the epics, however, the ending might have been very different. There was a great deal more divine intervention in The Iliad in comparison to The Odyssey, however, as there were more godly characters in that text. Whether they were working together or separately for their own gain, the gods and goddesses of Homer’s epics all played some part in the major events of the tales. In theRead MoreHector v.s Paris Rivalry in The Liad1124 Words   |  5 Pages7th or 8th century b.c.e when homer wrote the epic poem, The Iliad. In the Iliad, Homer showed us a huge sibling rivalry between the two brother Hector and Paris. He focus on these two men that both want to become a great legacy and hero. Homer’s comparison of these to characters shows there drive to become the better man. Through all of there rivalries, which include but are not limited to family, behaviour in battle, and how they relate to the gods, Hector shows that he is t he more honourable manRead MoreThe Epic Of The Odyssey By Homer, The King, Father Of Gods And Men1494 Words   |  6 Pagesconflict to ensure the resultant dispute follows the dictates of fate, such as when he orders Athena to ensure the Trojans are the first to break their oath during the truce (Homer, Iliad IV. 70-2). These words are initially spoken by Hera (Homer, Iliad IV. 64-7), and the very act of Zeus choosing to obey Hera can be viewed as a limitation, a sign that the Homeric Zeus has been domesticated in comparison to the Zeus provided by tradition (Alvis 1995, 5). This is exemplified in the open expressionsRead MoreThe Heroes Of Classical Mythology1738 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom Athena and Poseidon enabling him to win the fight and beat the river god (Homer, Iliad 21.327 – 64). Muller classifies this scene as Achilles’s â€Å"triumph over the elements as prior and subordinate to his human conflicts†.2 Achilles disobeying the river god and throwing corpses into the river can be seen as heightening of his glory where he is seen to execute actions similar to a god compared to that of a mortal man. Another similar act which is seen is Diomedes hurting Aphrodite. Athena is seenRead More Iliad Paragraphs1553 Words   |  7 Pagesthe wedding of King Peleus. Athena, Hera, a nd Aphrodite all immediately clashed over this pseudo-gift. Towards the middle, the three goddesses (Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite) became weary of their argument and, spying young Paris, found an end to their bitter rivalry. Together, they presented the apple to the herder and bade him to pick she who most deserved the gift. Each goddess offered him something different- her own exchange gift- but in the end, Paris chose Aphrodite. The Goddess of Love won hisRead MoreNores vs. Greek Essay5576 Words   |  23 Pagesthat this was necessary because they were not yet at the societal maturity level to have a single god on a cosmic plane. Most of the comparisons will be examining the similarities between major Greek and Norse gods, as well as creatures, stories and specific symbols which are featured in the mythologies. Some of the gods do not have direct counterparts (Thor, Athena and Loki). However, I will provide possible similarities within the respective mythologies. ASGARD Asgard is sometimes known as

Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy - 1378 Words

Overview Our toothbrush iss not selling at where we want it to be. While we receive good marks from the American Dental Association, have competitive prices and spend on television/print advertising, we finish 3rd or 4th overall in the rankings. This is not acceptable. While we are near the top of the market, this is not where this product should be. The consumers tell us they have no positive or negative feelings towards our product, and that is a cause for concern. Something needs to be done to boost sales, and being stagnant in this department is not generating the revenue we need to become number one. How can we avoid this mediocrity? We must research and identify a target market and take bold, drastic measures in advertising that will make our product soar to the top. Market Segments The new marketing strategy will be segmented into these three groups: Geographic, Behavioral and Psychographic. The marketing team will identify who the ideal customers are for each segment and determine which segment is the best course of action to take. A. Geographic The ideal customer for this segment will feel a connection between our product and their respective region. We would want to tie this in with a personality that is notable and likeable. For example, someone such as a local television personality, athlete, actor or actress, model, etc. is what we are looking for as someone to represent and take our sales to the next level. Using someone the consumers areShow MoreRelatedA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pagesf. Legal- legal strategies are two sided as they put into consideration of the governmental legal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool thatRead MoreThe Pricing Strategy Of Brook Stone New Marketing Plan Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesBrook Stone new marketing plan is expected to roll out this Christmas. It will allow this firm to put itself back into a place in the hunt to be one of the best all-around gadget store. We are expecting to set a new foundation and set a whole new standard that will take the market by storm. There is a lot in store for this new and improved Brook Stone. The pricing strategy that will best work for our marketing plan is psychological pricing. This pricing technique is a strategy based on the theoryRead MoreMarketing Plan1270 Words   |  6 PagesIndividual Assignments - Marketing Plan. Review individual marketing plan assignment. 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A marketing plan is a written document that summarizes what the marketer hasRead MoreMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. How do we get there? (Core Strategy, Marketing mix decisions, Organization, ImplementationRead MoreCompany and Marketing Strategy: Partnering to Build Customer Relationships1465 Words   |  6 Pageshow to design business portfolios and develop growth strategies 3. Explain marketing’s role in strategic planning and how marketing works with its partners to create and deliver customer value 4. 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Music Videos Have The Power Of Influence People And...

Music videos have the power to influence people and provide a way for the artist to express themselves. The society we view in today’s world is seen as a world beginning to finally open up to homosexuality. An example of the world we live in today can be found in a recent music video created by David Guetta called â€Å"Hey Mama†. The music video features Nicki Minaj who is used to introduce femininity in David Guetta’s work. The society David Guetta presents in the music video is more savage like, sexual, and parallel with today’s gender roles. In David Guetta’s music video â€Å"Hey Mama† sexuality and gender roles are portrayed in a world that is more fluid than binary. Femininity and masculinity can be found using imagery presented within the music video. Females are being shown as seductive while men are seen as dominant and in control. Femininity is shown by the way the females dress, act, and is presented by Nicki Minaj in the lyrics. All the woman in the video are flourished in makeup, wearing revealing clothes, their hair is long/down, and some were even wearing dresses. One example is Nicki Minaj’s appearance she is wearing a scandalous/revealing outfit, pink hair, and is also wearing make-up. Women use makeup today to feel more confident and be more attractive. As well as when women wear revealing clothes to attract attention of others. When this is done men see this as attractive or sexual. Then when a woman sees another women they view them as being a â€Å"slut† andShow MoreRelatedMtv Networks: Case Study Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesTable of Contents Mission, Objectives and Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Company History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Industry Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Supplier Power†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Buyer Power†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Competitive Rivalry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Threat of Substitutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Threat of New Entry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..5 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Strengths†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreIs Chicago A Serious Problem?1641 Words   |  7 PagesChicago is facing a serious problem. Over this year s Fourth of July Weekend, eighty four people were shot resulting in fourteen deaths. After this violent weekend, Mayor Rahm Emmanuel nearly called for total martial law, calling upon United States Military s support to help protect Chicago s citizens and patrol Chicacgo s streets. So far in 2015, over 2,300 people have been shot in the city of Chicago, and it is only a matter of days until the death toll surpasses four hundred on the year. ThereRead MoreHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came1300 Words   |  6 Pagesare not artists in the hip-hop community that talk about things that need to change such as racism, exploitation of the poor, police brutality, and the lack of education for the black and the poor. But the mainstream music on the rad io is mostly about female body parts shaking and grinding, having sex, getting really drunk, high, and/or violent. It is not entirely the fault of hip-hop artists there are people who do not know Malcom X, Susan B. Anthony, or Thurgood Marshall but most people will knowRead MoreSony Music1282 Words   |  6 PagesSONY MUSIC BY: ANAMARIA RICO AND JUANITA OLAYA 9C Sony  is a Japanese multinational created by Its founders Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka. Its diversified business is primarily focused on the electronics, game, entertainment and financial services sectors including video games, network services and medical business), Motion pictures, Music and Financial Services. These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. Sony s principal business operations include SonyRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words   |  6 Pagesarticles that embodies different explanations from research on the effect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. 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Donner Party Essay Research Paper Donner PartyWas free essay sample

Donner Party Essay, Research Paper Donner PartyWas the Donner Party a immense calamity, or a fatal error merely waiting to go on to anyone? This paper is traveling to demo the errors and bad lucks of the Donner Party. When George Donner, and his brother Jake took the advice of a adult male they did non cognize, they felt confident in his word. He told them of a trail that was purportedly faster than the popular California Trail. They took his advice and set off. The party left with an abundant sum of nutrient and supplies. The party looked no different from any other except for one waggon that stood out from the others. It was three narratives tall and had an Attic to hive away apparels and nutrient. The party left from Little Sandy, Illinois, on July 20,1846. The group had Americans, Germans and a few other aliens. The group was to get down on the California Trail and so travel to the left at the Little Sandy Creek. Everyone felt confident with the determination to travel on the nameless, unheard-of trail. The Donner brothers thought they would get at the Sierra mountain scope by at least September, and at most late October.Most of the households brought merely nutrient, apparels, and of import points. However the 1s those brought excess points would shortly happen that they were punished badly by the unsmooth trails and stricken with cattle. The traveling was smooth for a long clip. The lone jobs were a few broken wheels, and axles. The cattle were demoing great strength and power, and seemed to be drawing harder as the yearss went by. The nutrient was remaining fresh, and cipher was of all time Hungary. Was this truly the trail that Lanford Hastings promised to the Donners # 8217 ; ? Everyone felt great and was happy to see that they were in front of agenda. However, the party realized their great fortune would non last them the whole trip. Already there were marks of harder going. Every twe nty-four hours the dreaded Colorado Rockies seemed to be acquiring bigger. The group had yet to mount a existent mountain, merely small hills they were non educated in traversing mountains. They were non certain if their cattle were strong plenty to draw the heavier waggons up the steep hillside. The first trial of the oxen # 8217 ; ability to draw up a hill came in the foothills of the Rockies. The squad was faced with a long ascent followed by a steep decent which could easy tip a waggon. The cattle appeared to be drawing good up the hill, but the decent would be a wholly different challenge. The lone means of halting the waggons on downhill was to lock the axles so they would non be able to whirl. The first decent took a long clip, because it was the first clip they had done it. It went really smooth except for a twosome of tipped waggons. The first hill was thought to be difficult, but compared to the mountains that had yet to be faced ; this hill was nil. After the hill they c amped at a topographic point with grass and a spring.1 The cattle were refreshed with fresh grass, and the people enjoyed the scenery, and drank the cold refreshing H2O. However, they could non conceal the job of traversing the mammoth Rockies. The Donner party followed Hastings trail until it turned up into the Rockies. The group now felt confident that they cross the Rockies, and that the trail would take them to easy spreads in the mountains. Every so frequently the group would direct out a adult male in front of the group to see how the trail looked. They sent out a adult male, and when he came back after two yearss everyone was truly aroused. However, the intelligence wasn # 8217 ; t as exciting. He said the trail went into some highly unsmooth parts that could merely be passed on horseback. He besides said that there was another topographic point that they could travel by. Everyone agreed that doing their ain trail was the best thing to make. Their cattle were still non at fu ll strength, but they had to travel on. The party set out on a palling journey that was speedy in run outing their energy, and decelerate in doing milage. The group was discouraged, but kicking would make them no good now. At this point the group was doing its lowest milage yet.2 The Donner Party eventually made it over the great Rockies, but non without a immense blow to their heads and on their weak organic structures. The party rested for a hebdomad and a half at a nice topographic point with cool H2O, and green grass. Finally they felt good plenty to travel on. The cattle were still tired, but good plenty to travel on. The traveling was easy for a few yearss until they foremost spotted the Wasatch Range. They dreaded the idea of holding to traverse another scope, but they had to maintain traveling. The party felt discouraged about holding to traverse more mountains, but there was no other manner around the mammoth Wasatch. The ascent up was long. It took eight yearss to make the acme. However, traveling up was the easy portion. The nice down was filled with broken axles, and broken wheels. The Wasatch took its toll on the Donner Party. Their nutrient supply was traveling down, and Indians were get downing to trouble oneself them. The Indians tried to be friends with the Donners # 8217 ; , and were. Then, one forenoon everyone woke up to happen two oxen dead, and meat stolen from a waggon. The party so decided to direct two work forces in front to seek the country. The two work forces came back and reported seeing a immense lake3 followed by a long desert. It took the party a whole hebdomad to travel where the work forces on Equus caballuss went in three yearss. The party found a cantonment by the lake, but found the H2O to be saltier than any ocean. The H2O was unsuitable to imbibe, so the group found another topographic point that they called 20 springs. By the springs they found a mark that said # 8220 ; NO WATER FOR TWO DAYS AND TWO NIGHTS. # 8221 ; The party was certain that it wouldn # 8217 ; t be that long so they packed adequate H2O for two yearss. The mark was right, they went two yearss and two darks, and found no H2O. Their H2O supply was non plenty. The last few beads of H2O were so of import that non even thirsty babes received H2O. The Donner Party really began to believe that they might decease of thirst, or now even hunger. They had been out in the desert for three yearss now. They have been able to see mountains for a long clip. They sent out two work forces to seek for H2O in the nearby mountains. After three yearss the work forces came back with some bad intelligence. They said that there is no H2O for 50 more stat mis. The group decided to go forth the waggons behind, and merely take Thursday vitamin E most of import things in a few waggons. The cattle were besides really tired. They left behind most of the cattle besides. They got to the H2O merely in clip. There was merely one gallon of H2O left. Some cattle had died, most were excessively ill to travel. The work forces went back into the desert to look for some cattle. The adult females were left at cantonment, and while they were entirely the Indians took some nutrient, and shot some oxen.4 The work forces came back tired and with few cattles. The squad rested a small, and so put out once more. They moved easy, but were still retrieving. They faced really small mountains. The traveling was easy. They eventually connected back into the California trail. They moved along the Humboldt river directly into the Sierra Nevada mountains. It had already snowed in the mountains, so the party was disquieted they would non acquire across the scope, but if they didn # 8217 ; T they would all decease. 5The party stayed the dark, but woke up to two pess of new snow. The party was devastated. However, they knew they had to seek and travel on. They tried to force on, but they couldn # 8217 ; t. The snow was excessively deep. They went back to the lake that they stayed at the dark earlier. There were already two garrisons at that place. The group sent out some work forces to acquire aid earlier. The work forces came back and found the group in the garrisons half frozen to decease, half starved to decease. The work forces brought back seven mules. The group set off one time more, but once more found the snow excessively deep to travel in. They were stuck. They had no nutrient, and had small apparels. They had to believe of something to make. They were traveling to decease easy if they didn # 8217 ; t acquire nutrient. They tried to maintain composure. The group was panicking. Would this be the terminal? It was merely November, 4th. It was possible the snow could run. The snow kept coming down. Illnesss were traveling about, and a few people had died of hungriness. The daze of seeing decease was excessively much for some people. The garrisons were crowded, and the people were foul. The ill people were placed in one subdivision of the garrison, and the healthy in another. The malodor of waste and puke lingered in the air. As the yearss went by the conditions got worse. Cipher knew how deep the snow was, because cipher had been outside for yearss. Hunger got so bad that people were reduced to eating their waste, their fingers that had frostbite, and finally, their ain DEAD. The determination was made: SEND 15 Peoples TO FIND RESCUE TEAM6. The 15 people sent out, and were out of sight in an hr. The people left at cantonment were praying for the safety of the squad. Thingss at cantonment were merely acquiring worse. The winter was non even a one-fourth of the manner over, and more snow had fallen than would fall in a whole year.7 The opportunities of the deliverance squad happening aid was rather good, the opportunities of the saviors happening the deceasing Donner Party was slender, but hopeful. The Donner Party had been trapped in the snow for one month. They survived on the organic structures of their dead, and muddy snow. Occasionally they would eat one of their cattle, if they could happen one.8 Everyone was truly ill, except for a few people. By now, it was no large trade to see a individual picking at a dead individual # 8217 ; s organic structure for nutrient. The thing that was traveling on was that the party was eating each other and the illness that the dead individual had is eaten by 10 people and so one of those people is eaten, and so on. The organic structures of the dead were still stacking up despite people eating them. Still, some people would non eat the organic structures of their friends, and household. The people who did non eat the dead, became the dead9. The lasting people weren # 8217 ; t certain if the deliverance squad would come back for them. However, the deliverance squad faced their ain jobs. They besides had no nutrient, no H2O, except for melted snow, and faced serious unwellness, and even decease. They excessively were reduced to eating their dead. The deliverance squad did finally make aid. After three hebdomads in the snow the deliverance squad, with eight people left found aid. None of the members were good plenty to take a squad back to the cantonment. Without a deliverance member th ere was no manner to happen the deceasing Donner Party. The squad had to wait for person to acquire better so they could happen the party. After a hebdomad two work forces were good plenty to travel back. There was still the job of acquiring the subsisters out, and to acquire them down to Sacramento. Obviously no 1 would be able to acquire out by themselves. Everybody would hold to sit on horseback down to safety. There was still no manner of cognizing how many subsisters their were. 60-50-or none? 10The deliverance squad set out in hope to happen the party. They brought no Equus caballuss because the Equus caballuss had nil to eat, and would decease. The two work forces set out in hope to happen the topographic point from which they left from. They had no markers to travel by, or a map, merely inherent aptitudes. The topographic point looked a batch different because of new snow autumn. That didn # 8217 ; t maintain the squad from traveling on. The two recognized really small but that was plenty to demo the manner. After another hebdomad in the snow the deliverance teem spotted the party from a far off mountain extremum. They would be at the cantonment in two more yearss. By this clip the at bay Donner Party had lost all hope in the saviors. The bulk of the group was on the brink of decease. Typhus, and lice had infested the cantonments, and no one went to bed without something populating off of them. Hope had been lost, and so had a batch of lives. The lone things # 8217 ; people talked about were how nice it would be to decease, and how good a Meleagris gallopavo sandwich would savor. The deliverance squad arrived and found merely the really top of the chimneys lodging out where the snow had melted. The squad feared the worst. The victims had been remaining in the cabins for two months, populating off of liquid snow, and dead organic structures. The deliverance squad found the party in better status than they expected. The squad helped nurse them back to wellness. The deliverance squad brought nutrient, and soap. They bathed the immature kids, and bathed the grownups. The people were given clean covers, and towels. The job of typhus, and lice still existed. The lone manner to acquire rid of it was to fire it. The apparels of the subsisters were burned, and the organic structures of the dead were burned. Wholly, the Donner Party expedition was a complete calamity. The entire loss for the trip was 42 DEAD, and 47 left with the idea of calamity, and decease.

Nissan SR20DE Engine Essays - Throttle, Inlet Manifold,

Nissan SR20DE Engine For those of you who want to upgrade your throttle body on your GA16DE powered cars, there are a couple of options out there that you can do. You can have the one on your bored out by a reputable machine shop (i.e. JG engine dynamics) or, if you can get your hands on one, bolt on the throttle body from an SR20DE. What's the difference in the two you ask? Well I'll tell you the advantages and disadvantages in installing the two. The GA16DE's throttle body's anatomy compared to the SR20DE throttle body is almost identical. The bolt patterns, coolant hook-ups, and vacuum lines all match up the same. But the only differences lie with the bore size, and the TPS configuration. With the 1.6 throttle body bored out to its maximum specifications, overall bore size will still not be as large as the stock bore size of the 2.0 throttle body. Which also leaves us to consider how much more potential there can be had with the 2.0 throttle body! If you can get your greasy hands on one of these throttle bodies, I'll let you guys know of some of the obstacles that will be encountered on making this modification work. Necessary parts: There was not much needed here. You will need to purchase brand new throttle body gasket from the dealership. It only cost me about $4.50 with the Se-r discount at Puente Hills Nissan. Without the discount its about six bucks. You will also need to make sure that it is for an Se-r! Otherwise the bore size of the 1.6 gasket will not match the bore size of the throttle body. You will also need to get an aftermarket intake setup, if you don't already have one. The factory rubber intake tubing will not fit over the throttle body. If you have only the filter with the MAF adapter plate, you'll need to go out and get the mandrel bent intake pipe with the proper sized couplers for the Se-r. You can also go out to Home Depot and make your own. If you do that you'll need some 2" abs pvc, 4 hose clamps and 2 2" rubber couplers. The Home Depot couplers will be a very tight fit on the TB, but it will fit. You'll just need to stretch it over the mouth of the TB. I also went out and bought a couple of brass fittings to tap into the side of the PVC for the necessary vacuum hoses. These can be purchased at a Pep Boys autoparts store for less than five bucks. Installation: Everything matched up perfectly, with a few exceptions. There are two connections on the bottom of the TB for the coolant hoses. You will have to slightly bend these so that they pint straight down, otherwise they will be hitting against the manifold. I heated them up on my gas kitchen stove, but if you have access to a butane torch then good for you! Heat up the connections a little bit (NOT RED HOT!) , and use a shop hammer to gently tap the tubing straight. You should be tapping the base of the body as you are not trying to actually bend the tube, you just want it to rotate in its base. The most challenging part of the throttle body mod will be with making the 1.6 TPS work on this unit. As I am still trying to figure out how to do this, I'll tell you what I have encountered so far. On the 2.0, the TPS lever sits towards the front of the throttle body, rotating clockwise from the seven o'clock position to eleven o'clock. On the 1.6 the TPS lever rotates clockwise from the one o'clock position to about five o'clock. The same goes with the lever on the TB that moves the TPS switch. One thing I tried to do was flip the 1.6 TPS around and bolt it backwards, with the plug end facing the intake manifold. The levers made contact with each other to make the system operable, but I was questioning its inability to then be unable to be adjusted. This set up caused the TPS lever to be out of spec with its position slightly opened up, even though the throttle was completely closed. Installation on the car was slightly difficult as the TPS also got in the way of a few vacuum hoses and rested against the intake manifold. Not good if

How to Write College Discussion Board Post Useful Hints

How to Write College Discussion Board Post Useful Hints How to Write College Discussion Board Post: Comprehensive Student’s Guide Online degree problems are becoming increasingly popular but many people still hesitate whether online education is worth their time and efforts. The biggest concern is the lack of interaction that traditional education provides. However, modern students can equally benefit from communication thanks to online discussion boards, which are a great platform for an exchange of ideas. In fact, participation in discussion boards is becoming obligatory even in traditional degree programs these days. So if you still do not know how to write college discussion board post, check out our guide below and find out what to expect when using online discussion boards, what professors pay attention to when grading students, and what etiquette is required there. Basic Tips on How to Write College Discussion Board Post Do not rush into answering the questions and read the prompt very carefully. Consider the following: Subject. Which questions are you expected to answer and which readings do you have to respond to? Requirements. What is the deadline? What is the word limit? How many sources are you expected to cite? The type of the response. Are you asked to share personal experience, develop a list of recommendations, build your own arguments, draw on research, etc.? Formatting. Typically, students are expected to use APA but be sure to check the requirements from the professor. Grading rubric. Against which criteria will your post be assessed? It is not unusual for students to find some instructions confusing. In this case, do not hesitate to contact your professor and ask for clarifications. Keep in mind that when in doubt, you should always consult your instructor instead of other students, who might not know what they are doing. Note that online instructors might be less reachable because they might not see your questions. However, they are just an email away. In case you experience difficulties with your discussion board assignment, you should know that you can buy college discussion board posts from a professional writing company. After you read discussion board posting guidelines and come up with some ideas for a response, think about the best way to support your claims. Backup information will make your argument stronger and more convincing. Evidence comes in various forms, including course material, recent research studies, related news, or your personal experience. If you do not know how to write a discussion board post, the first thing you should learn to do is support your arguments. Good backup and justification of your claims demonstrates your understanding of the topic and shows that your conclusions are reasonable. We recommend documenting relevant evidence as you read on the topic. Just jot down the information and the source it is taken from and you will save a lot of time when you get down to writing the draft. By the way, citation is extremely important if you do not want your work to be classified as plagiarism. There are numerous online resources which can help you cite your sources. Alternativ ely, you can contact us, say, ‘Do my discussion board post’ and we will provide you with a strong and properly cited discussion board post. Discussion board tasks often consist of multiple questions. Rather than writing in a questions-answers format, create a coherent paragraph with a topic sentence and transitions. Bring all ideas together into one argument or common goal. Integrate your evidence to support your claim and make your argument convincing. If applicable, use outside sources. As you include different pieces of evidence, be sure not to lose focus. Leave out all information that is redundant or unclear. Maintain scholarly tone. Avoid writing in ALL CAPS because it creates the impression that you are yelling at your readers. Use text editors and online spell checkers. It is also highly recommended to enable spell check in your browser. It is important to proofread and edit your post before submission. Experienced writers re-read their texts after a short break, which increases their chances of producing a cohesive, complete, and mistakes-free post. Once the post is ready, it is high time to review it and ask yourself the questions below: Is my central argument clear and is it related to the topic? Does my response contain enough evidence to show that I have critically analyzed the readings? Does it offer a unique perspective on the topic? Have I used the assigned readings to support my point of view? Is my response free of jargon and other language that is not suitable for scholarly tone? Have I proofread my post to make sure it is free of grammatical, stylistic, and structural errors? For someone who does not know how to write college discussion board post this might be easier said than done. To submit your response, do the following: Copy and paste the proofread response into the forum. Check it for grammatical errors and typos once again. Click on ‘Submit’ button and wait for your classmates’ responses. Remember that this is a discussion board, so do not hesitate to engage your classmates into discussions by asking follow-up questions. When participating in such forums, it is always helpful to ask yourself what added value you can bring to the discussion. Free Discussion Board Post Writing Buy College Discussion Board Posts If you realize that you need professional assistance in discussion board post writing, remember that there are writing services that can help you. If you need a reliable company with experienced writers, you are in the right place! By using our services, you get: Complete confidentiality. Customers’ personal data is kept private. Fully original papers. In addition to writing papers from scratch, we check them on plagiarism detecting software to make sure they are plagiarism-free. Unique paper written specifically for you. No hidden fees. Papers written by professional writers. We Will Make Your Academic Life a Success If you have any problems related to academic writing, our service is the best solution. Place an order now and let our trained experts do the rest. Live a stress-free life with our professional writing services.

The impact of culture on consumer behavior Research Paper

The impact of culture on consumer behavior - Research Paper Example People from different cultures, customs, traditions, and religions find equal respect in this country and can stay with complete harmony. Religion and Spirituality are very important in India. Worship of various deities is a salient feature. India is said to be the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism; 80% of the population follow Hinduism which is at least 4000years old. However people from various religions stay in this nation (Ganeri, 2013, pp. 6-7). India is the land where the Vedas and Upanishads originated (Vyas, 1992, pp.13-14). All the scriptures have been written in Sanskrit which is considered to be the mother of many languages. At present, Hindi is the national language which is again derived from Sanskrit. Indian languages, customs, rituals, dance, music, architecture, food, clothing etc differ greatly from place to place within the country. Naturally it is bountiful with seas, mountains, agricultural lands, forests, rivers, deserts, etc. India is the origin of various classical dance forms and music. However, each form represents the heritage of a particular group of people. ... Though, now - a- days, boys and girls mix up more freely, yet in general the society is conservative and arranged marriages are still a norm. Business meetings in large cities are organized as in western countries. It is rich in its cultural heritage; however, it is a third world developing country. There is a stark difference between the cultures of rural and urban India. For Indians, the concept of time is generally relaxing. Weekends comprise Saturdays and Sundays (Soundar, 2005, pp. 119-122). Culture of UAE The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is made up of the seven small emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al-Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al-Qaiwain, and Fujairah. Four-fifths of the UAE is desert. However, UAE is a rich country, due to its oil reserves. Originally, the local population was little and didn’t have the technical skills needed for a developed society. The discovery of and commercial production of oil triggered rapid economic growth and also resulted in the immigratio n of male foreign laborers, on a large scale. So, in just four decades, it has become a cosmopolitan and multicultural country. About two-thirds of the immigrants are Asians, mainly from India, Pakistan, Iran, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh etc. (Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Washington DC, 2012) Islam is the main religion in the UAE but they are well known for religious tolerance. Temples, Gurdwaras, Churches are found along with Mosques. The official language is Arabic. English is the language of commerce. They generally greet by saying â€Å"Salaamu aleikum†. They pray five times a day, religiously. Muslims observe an entire month of fasting, in the fall, called Ramadan, during which they do not eat, drink or smoke between sunrise and sunset.

The use of DDT in malaria vector control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The use of DDT in malaria vector control - Essay Example DDT is slowly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; however, if the DDT has been dissolved in fats from vegetables or animals, then the absorption rate is enhanced up to 1.5 times. The oral ingestion of DDT usually results in convulsions after 2 hours, if the rate of administration is twice that of the oral LD50 value. It has also been established that absorption of DDT by the skin is minimal (DDT). Subsequent to absorption, DDT accumulates in the tissues, especially in the adipose tissue. Many studies have reported the storage of DDT in the central nervous system, blood, liver, heart and kidneys. The body excretes DTT in milk and urine (DDT). A small amount of the ingested DDT changes into DDE, whose toxicity is much less. The latter is impervious to biotransformation, and consequently persists in the adipose tissue, indefinitely. The chief detoxification route for DDT is transformation to DDD, which quickly changes into the water soluble DDA, and then excreted (DDT). The rate of elimination of DDT from the body has been assessed at 1% of the amount stored in the body. DDA excretion in the urine is around 47% of the ingested precursor material; however, this loses significance, when the amount of DDT being ingested increases. Moreover, there has been a reasonable correlation between the DDA concentrations in urine and DDT levels in body fat (DDT). The different routes of exposure, associated with DDT are first; oral which transpires when there is ingestion of DDT or food contaminated with DDT. Second; by inhalation; however, this is not of much importance, because absorption is insignificant, due to the non – volatile nature of DDT. Third; absorption through the skin, which is not an important route. DDT absorption by the skin is negligible, and an increase is effected, if it is dissolved in oil. Fourth; absorption through the eye,

Social Worker Burnout Studied

Social Worker Burnout Studied Social Worker Burnout Studied(Fall 2003) AUTHOR-ABSTRACT:For the past 30 years, researchers and practitioners have been concerned about the impact of work stress experienced by social workers. Although research on burnout has been a useful field of exploration, a new concern has arisen about work stresses specifically associated with work with victims of trauma. The concept of vicarious trauma provides insights into the stresses of this particular kind of work. Like the burnout research, early research on vicarious trauma has identified both personal and organizational correlates. In this article, the authors review the growing literature on the organizational components of vicarious trauma and suggest changes in organizational culture, workload, group support, supervision, self-care, education, and work environment that may help prevent vicarious trauma in staff. BODY: WHETHER SHAPING PUBLIC POLICY or providing services to individuals, families, and communities, social workers are fully engaged with todays social problems. This difficult work can take an emotional and psychological toll on the worker (Davies, 1998; Gibson, McGrath, Reid, 1989). This stress comes not only from responding to people in pain and crisis; characteristics of the organization also contribute to the stress (Sze Ivker, 1986). This occupational stress has been examined primarily in terms of burnout (Maslach, 1993), but recent research in the field of trauma has identified stresses unique to that work. These stresses have been conceptualized as vicarious trauma (McCann Pearlman, 1990b; Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b). To date, most research has focused on the individual characteristics thought to contribute to vicarious trauma. There has been less focus on the organizational structures that may contribute. In this article, we draw on the research on organizational correlates of burnout as a background for examining the research on vicarious trauma and then outline various organizational strategies suggested by practitioners working with trauma survivors to prevent vicarious trauma. This discussion is informed by a qualitative study of counselors working with victims of domestic violence (Bell, 1998, 1999) that suggested the importance of the work environment, among other issues, in the development of vicarious trauma. Quotations by counselors from that study will be used to illustrate the discussion. Organizational Correlates of Burnout Maslach (1993) described burnout as having three dimensions: (a) emotional exhaustion; (b) depersonalization, defined as a negative attitude towards clients, a personal detachment, or loss of ideals; and (c) reduced personal accomplishment and commitment to the profession. Burnout has been conceptualized as a process rather than a condition or state, and some have theorized that it progresses sequentially through each of these dimensions (Maslach, 1993). Maslach and others have examined the individual, interpersonal, and organizational characteristics that contribute to burnout. Of particular interest to this discussion is the finding that organizations can either promote job satisfaction or contribute to burnout (Soderfeldt, Soderfeldt, Warg, 1995). Unsupportive administration, lack of professional challenge, low salaries, and difficulties encountered in providing client services are predictive of higher burnout rates (Arches, 1991; Beck, 1987; Himle, Jayaratne, Thyness, 1986). In dividual staff members suffer, and the resulting loss of experienced staff can diminish the quality of client services (Arches, 1991). This research has helped identify organizational supports that could be effective in buffering or mediating burnout and point to workplace characteristics that may also prevent vicarious trauma. Vicarious Trauma Recently, the occupational stress of social workers working with trauma survivors has begun to receive attention (Cunningham, 1999; Dalton, 2001; Regehr Cadell, 1999). Some authors are beginning to suggest that trauma theory has important utility in understanding the burnout experience of social workers working in child protection and with HIV-infected populations (Horwitz, 1998; Wade, Beckerman, Stein, 1996). Many theorists have speculated that the emotional impact of this type of traumatic material is contagious and can be transmitted through the process of empathy (Figley, 1995; Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a; Stamm, 1995), as in this example from an experienced social worker talking about counseling women in a family service agency: Some times after a session, I will be traumatized.I will feel over whelmed, and I can remember a particular situation with a sexually abused person where II just didnt want to hear any more of her stories about what actually happened.She seemed to want to continue to tell me those over and over and I remember just feeling almost contaminated,like,you know,like I was abused. You know? And so I set limits withher a fter some super vision about that but tracked her in a different way.It hink it has an impact. Im just not sure of what(a squoted in Bell,1998) In the past 10 years, the emotional impact of working with trauma survivors has been examined under several constructs: compassion fatigue (Figley, 1995), secondary traumatic stress (Figley, 1993; Stamm, 1995), and vicarious trauma (McCann Pearlman, 1990b; Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b). These constructs have been compared and debated (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a; Stamm, 1995), and a full discussion of them is outside the scope o f this article. The majority of the empirical studies in this area have used the vicarious trauma construct. For this reason, the term vicarious trauma will generally be used throughout this article unless another term has been used specifically in the research cited. Vicarious trauma has been defined as the transformation that occurs in the inner experience of the therapist [or worker] that comes about as a result of empathic engagement with clients trauma material (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a, p. 31). Vicarious trauma can result in physiological symptoms that resemble posttraumatic stress reactions, which may manifest themselves either in the form of intrusive symptoms, such as flashbacks, night-mares, and obsessive thoughts, or in the form of constrictive symptoms, such as numbing and disassociation (Beaton Murphy, 1995). It may also result in disruptions to important beliefs, called cognitive schemas, that individuals hold about themselves, other people, and the world (McCann Pearlman, 1990b; Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b), as in the following example from a young worker in a battered womens shelter: I think you see the worst of people, working herethe worst of what people do to each other. And I think when you do nt have proper resource stop rocess that,to work through it, to underst and it or put it in some kind of context, it just leaves you feeling a little baffle dabout whats going on out there, and the way things work in the world and your role in all of that.(asquotedin Bell,1999,p.175) Although some of the numbing symptoms of vicarious trauma bear some resemblance to burnout and may in fact result in burnout over time, research on therapists has also begun to establish vicarious trauma as a distinct concept from burnout (Figley, 1995; Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a). Unlike the construct of burnout, the construct of vicarious trauma was developed from and is clinically grounded in trauma theory, specifically constructivist self-development theory (McCann Pearlman, 1990b). In several studies, burnout and general stress levels were not related to exposure to traumatized client s, whereas measures of trauma exposure and vicarious trauma were related (Kassam-Adams, 1995; Schauben Frazier, 1995). Thus, burnout alone does not appear to capture the effects of trauma as an occupational stressor. Although vicarious trauma may present with elements of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, it also has effects that are unique and specific to trauma work. Many professionals risk vicarious trauma through their contact with traumatized people or material that contains graphic images of trauma. Studies have indicated that approximately 38% of social workers experience moderate to high levels of secondary traumatic stress (Cornille Meyers, 1999; Dalton, 2001). In addition, emergency workers (Leseca, 1996; McCammon, Durham, Allison, Williamson, 1988; Wagner, Heinrichs, Ehlert, 1998), nurses (Joinson, 1992), police officers (Follette, Polusny, Milbeck, 1994), sexual assault counselors (Johnson Hunter, 1997; Regehr Cadell, 1999; Schauben Frazier, 1995), child protective service workers (Cornille Meyers, 1999), and trauma therapists (Chrestman, 1995; Follette et al., 1994; Kassam-Adams, 1995; Pearlman Mac Ian,1995) have all been documented as developing symptomology quite similar to acute and posttraumatic stress reactions as a result of their second-hand exposure to traumatic material. Recent studies of trauma therapists have begun to explore some of the factors involved in the development of vicarious trauma. Therapist exposure to traumatic client material has been found to be an important predictor for symptoms of traumatic stress and, in some cases, of disrupted beliefs about self and others. In a survey of 148 counselors, Schauben and Frazier (1995) found that those who worked with a higher percentage of sexual violence survivors reported more symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and greater disruptions in their beliefs about themselves and others than did counselors seeing fewer survivors. The researchers tied these symptoms of trauma counselors to a number of factors. Most commonly, counselors said that hearing the trauma story and experiencing the pain of survivors was emotionally draining. Second, many counselors felt that the counseling process was more difficult when working with trauma survivors, who tended to have more problems trusting and working in a therapeutic relationship than clients who were not traumatized. Finally, some counselors found the work more difficult because of the institutional barriers within the legal, and mental health systems that their clients were forced to navigate. Similar findings emerged when researchers compared the stress level of sexual assault counselors with that of counselors who worked with a more general client population (Johnson Hunter, 1997). Not only did sexual assault counselors show greater evidence of stress, but their work stress also contributed to personal relationship difficulties at home. The impact of the therapists own history of abuse on current report of vicarious trauma are unclear. Pearlman and MacIan (1995) reported significantly more vicarious trauma symptoms in 60% of the therapists they surveyed who reported a personal history of trauma. However, Schauben and Frazier (1995) found that counselors with a history of victimization were not more distressed by working with survivors than were counselors without such a history. Pearlman and Mac Ian found that therapists without a trauma history were more likely to report intrusive imagery than those with a history. Follette et al. (1994) found that mental health professionals with a significant history of childhood physical or sexual abuse did not experience significantly more negative responses to child sexual abuse survivor clients than those without such a history. They also reported significantly more positive coping strategies. However, the comparison group of law enforcement personnel with childhood abuse his tories who also worked with sexual abuse survivors showed significantly more distress than the mental health professionals. The researchers hypothesized that the use of personal therapy by 59.1% of the mental health professionals versus 15.6% of the law enforcement professionals may have accounted for the difference. Increased time spent with traumatized clients seems to increase the risk of stress reactions in mental health professionals (Chrestman, 1995; Pearlman Mac Ian, 1995). Furthermore, spending time in other work activities decreases the risk. Having a more diverse caseload with a greater variety of client problems and participating in research, education, and outreach also appear to mediate the effects of traumatic exposure. Age and experience are inversely correlated with the development of vicarious trauma. Younger and less experienced counselors exhibit the highest levels of distress (Arvay Uhlemann, 1996; Pearlman Mac Ian, 1995). They may have had less opportunity to integrate traumatic stories and experiences into their belief systems, as well as to develop effective coping strategies for dealing with the effects of vicarious trauma than have older and more experienced therapists (Neumann Gamble, 1995). Such was the case of this experienced counselor who worked with battered women in the court system: It hink for somebody who doesnt do this type of work it would be extreme lystressful, but after twelve years, Ive justIve handled so many cases and dealt with so many people, I know my limitation sand the courts limitations and I just dont get as worked up about each case as I used to.(as quoted in Bell, 1999,p.117) vicarious trauma can be considered a type of occupational hazard in settings where there are high levels of traumatized clients. As a result, organizations providing services to trauma victims have a practical and ethical responsibility to address this risk. Implications for Agency Administrative Response The primary focus of discussion about the prevention of vicarious trauma has been on the individual (for a good summary, see Yassen, 1995). However, as with burnout, the organizational context of trauma work has been discussed as a factor in the development of secondary trauma. Several authors have written about their own experiences in agencies that serve traumatized individuals. They have suggested both prevention and intervention strategies in the areas of organizational culture, workload, work environment, education, group support, supervision, and resources for self-care. Each of these will be discussed in turn below. Organizational Culture The values and culture of an organization set the expectations about the work. When the work includes contact with trauma, they also set the expectations about how workers will experience trauma and deal with it, both professionally and personally. Of primary concern is that organizations that serve trauma survivors, whether rape crisis centers, shelters for battered women, or programs that work with veterans, acknowledge the impact of trauma on the individual worker and the organization. As Rosenbloom, Pratt, and Pearlman (1995) wrote of their work at the Traumatic Stress Institute, We work together to develop an atmosphere in which it is considered inevitable to be affected by the work (p. 77). It is not uncommon for feelings and reactions generated by trauma to leave the social worker feeling ineffective, unskilled, and even powerless. An organizational culture that normalizes the effect of working with trauma survivors can provide a supportive environment for social workers to ad dress those effects in their own work and lives. It also gives permission for social workers to take care of themselves. Yassen (1995) provided an example of a potentially harmful norm that can frustrate workers attempts at self-care: In some settings, it may be assumed that if employees do not work overtime, they are not committed to their work, or that clinicians who do not take vacations are more committed to their work than are others (p. 201). A supportive organization is one that not only allows for vacations, but also creates opportunities for social workers to vary their caseload and work activities, take time off for illness, participate in continuing education, and make time for other self-care activities. Small agencies might signal their commitment to staff by making staff self-care a part of the mission statement, understanding that ultimately it does affect client care. Administrators might also monitor staff vacation time and encourage staff with too much accrued time to take time off. Self-care issues could be addressed in staff meetings, and opportunities for continuing education could be circulated to staff. In social work agencies, which typically operate with inadequate resources and relentless service demands, such commitments, regardless of how small, are not inconsequential. Workload Research has shown that having a more diverse caseload is associated with decreased vicarious trauma (Chrestman, 1995). Such diversity can help the social worker keep the traumatic material in perspective and prevent the formation of a traumatic worldview (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995a). Agencies could develop intake procedures that attempt to distribute clients among staff in a way that pays attention to the risk of vicarious trauma certain clients might present to workers. When possible, trauma cases should be distributed among a number of social workers who possess the necessary skills (Dutton Rubinstein, 1995; Regehr Cadell, 1999; Wade et al., 1996). In addition, social workers whose primary job is to provide direct services to traumatized people may benefit from opportunities to participate in social change activities (Regehr Cadell, 1999). Agencies that do not already provide such services might consider providing community education and outreach or working to influence policy. Such activities can provide a sense of hope and empowerment that can be energizing and can neutralize some of the negative effects of trauma work. Organizations can also maintain an attitude of respect (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995b, p. 170) for both clients and workers by acknowledging that work with trauma survivors often involves multiple, long-term services. Organizations that are proactive in developing or linking clients with adjunct servicessuch as self-help groups, experienced medical professionals for medication, in- and out-patient hospitalization, and resources for paying for these serviceswill support not only clients, but also decrease the workload of their staff (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995b). Developing collaborations between agencies that work with traumatized clients can provide material support and prevent a sense of isolation and frustration at having to go it alone. Work Environment A safe, comfortable, and private work environment is crucial for those social workers in settings that may expose them to violence (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995b; Yassen, 1995). Some work sites, such as shelters or agencies located in high-crime neighborhoods, are so dangerous that workers may actually experience primary trauma, rather than vicarious trauma. In a sample of 210 licensed social workers, Dalton (2001) found that 57.6% had been threatened by a client or member of a clients family, and 16.6% had been physically or sexually assaulted by a client or member of the clients family. Being threatened by a client or a member of a clients family was strongly correlated with compassion fatigue. Although it is more of a challenge in certain settings, protecting workers safety should be the primary concern of agency administration. Paying for security systems or security guards may be a necessary cost of doing business for some agencies that provide services to traumatized individuals. Failing that, agencies may consider developing a buddy system for coworkers so that if one worker is threatened by a client, another can summon the police. In addition to attention to basic safety, Pearlman and Saakvitne (1995b) have suggested that workers need to have personally meaningful items in their workplace. These can include pictures of their children or of places they have visited, scenes of nature or quotes that help them remember who they are and why they do this work. One hotline worker described her use of such an item: When itsare alintense call, I kind of hunch over the phone and kind of like focus here on my[computer screen]and I some times try to consciously tell my self to sit back and look at one of my pictures that I have up to remind me of happier times.(asquotedin Bell,1998) Agency administrators can encourage staff to make these small investments in their work environment. By placing inspiring posters or pictures of scenic environments (rather than agency rules and regulations) in the waiting rooms, staff meeting rooms, and break rooms, the organization can model the importance of the personal in the professional. In addition, workers also need places for rest at the job site, such as a break room that is separate from clients (Yassen, 1995). With a space such as this, the organization could address the self-care needs of staff by providing a coffee maker, soft music, and comfortable furniture. Education Trauma-specific education also diminishes the potential of vicarious trauma. Information can help individuals to name their experience and provide a framework for understanding and responding to it. Training settings, such as schools of social work, have a responsibility to provide this information to field interns entering placements where they will encounter trauma (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995b). Dalton (2001) found that social workers with masters degrees had lower levels of secondary traumatic stress compared with those with baccalaureate degrees. This difference suggests that the type of clinical training available in masters programs, such as information about client empowerment, self-care, and recognizing destructive behaviors, may be a missing but important part of training social workers in baccalaureate programs to prevent secondary stress and vicarious trauma. Efforts to educate staff about vicarious trauma can begin in the job interview (Urquiza, Wyatt, Goodlin-Jones, 1997). Agencies have a duty to warn applicants of the potential risks of trauma work and to assess new workers resilience (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995b). New employees can be educated about the risks and effects associated with trauma, as new and inexperienced workers are likely to experience the most impact (Chrestman, 1995; Neumann Gamble, 1995). Ongoing education about trauma theory and the effects of vicarious trauma can be included in staff training (Regehr Cadell, 1999; Urquiza et al., 1997) and discussed on an ongoing basis as part of staff meetings. Agencies can take advantage of the flourishing number of workshops on vicarious trauma at professional conferences in social work and other disciplines by sending a staff member for training and asking that worker to share what he or she has learned with the rest of the staff. This information provides a useful context a nd helps social workers to feel more competent and have more realistic expectations about what they can accomplish in their professional role. Preparation for a stressful event, when possible, protects individuals from the effect of stress (Chemtob et al., 1990). Learning new ways to address clients trauma may also help prevent vicarious trauma. Theories, such as constructivist self-development theory (McCann Pearlman, 1990a) on which the theory of vicarious trauma is based, maintain a dual focus between past traumas and the clients current strengths and resources. Working from a theoretical framework that acknowledges and enhances client strengths and focuses on solutions in the present can feel empowering for client and worker and reduce the risk of vicarious trauma. Group Support Both the burnout literature and the writings about vicarious trauma emphasize the importance of social support within the organization (Catherall, 1995; Munroe et al., 1995; Rosenbloom et al., 1995). Staff opportunities to debrief informally and process traumatic material with supervisors and peers are helpful (Horwitz, 1998; Regehr Cadell, 1999; Urquiza et al., 1997). Critical incident stress debriefing (Mitchell, 1983, as cited in Wollman, 1993) is a more formalized method for processing specific traumatic events but may be less helpful in managing repetitive or chronic traumatic material (Horwitz, 1998). Support can also take the form of coworkers help with paperwork or emergency backup. Time for social interaction between coworkers, such as celebrating birthdays or other events as well as organized team-building activities and staff retreats, can increase workers feeling of group cohesion and mutual support. Peer support groups may help because peers can often clarify colleagues insights, listen for and correct cognitive distortions, offer perspective/reframing, and relate to the emotional state of the social worker (Catherall, 1995). Group support can take a variety of forms, such as consultation, treatment teams, case conferences, or clinical seminars, and can be either peer led or professionally led. For example, shelter workers interviewed by Bell (1999) started a reading group and together read and discussed Pearlman and Saakvitnes (1995a) book, Trauma and the Therapist: Countertransference and Vicarious Traumatization in Psychotherapy With Incest Survivors. The group met after work on a regular basis. Group members learned about vicarious trauma and ways to deal with it in their own work and lives. The group cost the agency nothing, did not interfere with work, and provided an opportunity for workers to give each other much-needed support. Regardless of the form group support takes , Munroe et al. (1995) warned that it should be considered an adjunct to, not a substitute for, self-care or clinical supervision. There are some potential pitfalls of group support. One is the tendency toward groupthink and conformity (Munroe et al., 1995). Another is that members hearing about a coworkers distress may use distancing and victim-blaming as a defense mechanism. Peer groups and treatment teams also offer the opportunity for traumatic reenactments, such as splitting the group members into the roles of exploiter and exploited, that are so common in working with trauma survivors (Munroe et al., 1995). When groups are held within agencies, there is also the potential problem generated by conflicting roles in the group, such as a supervisor who is both supporter and evaluator or a coworker/supervisor who is also a friend. Finally, group members may be more rather than less traumatized by the necessity of hearing each others worst horror stories. Guzzino and Taxis (1995) have suggested a number of ways for members of such groups to talk about their experiences without further traumatizing group members through the use of psychodrama and art therapy. To further minimize the potential for problems in support groups, Catherall (1995) has suggested that group members discuss such a possibility before it happens and normalize the experience of vicarious trauma and its impact on the individual and the group. Supervision Effective supervision is an essential component of the prevention and healing of vicarious trauma. Responsible supervision creates a relationship in which the social worker feels safe in expressing fears, concerns, and inadequacies (Welfel, 1998). Organizations with a weekly group supervision format establish a venue in which traumatic material and the subsequent personal effect may be processed and normalized as part of the work of the organization. As one hotline worker said of the value of supervisory support in response to a stressful call: Its kind of like you have this big sack of rocks and every time you kind of tell someone about it you can, you know, give them a couple of your rocks and your sack gets lighter (as quoted in Bell, 1998). In addition to providing emotional support, supervisors can also teach staff about vicarious trauma in a way that is supportive, respectful, and sensitive to its effects (Pearlman Saakvitne, 1995b; Regehr Cadell, 1999; Rosenbloom et al., 1995; Urquiza et al., 1997). If at all possible, supervision and evaluation should be separate functions in an organization because a concern about evaluation might make a worker reluctant to bring up issues in his or her work with clients that might be signals of vicarious trauma. Dalton (2001) found that 9% of the variance in her study of social workers and secondary traumatic stress was related to supervision. Her results indicated that the number of times a worker received nonevaluative supervision and the number of hours of nonevaluative supervision were positively related to low levels of secondary traumatic stress. In situations where supervisors cannot separate the supervisory and evaluative functions, agency administrators might consider c ontracting with an outside consultant for trauma-specific supervision on either an individual or group basis. The cost of such preventive consultation might be well worth the cost savings that would result from decreased employee turnover or ineffectiveness as a result of vicarious trauma. Resources for Self-Care Agencies can make counseling resources available for all staff that interact with traumatic material (Regehr Cadell, 1999; Wade et al., 1996). If there are many employees encountering the same type of trauma in the agency or within the larger community, agencies may consider the feasibility of forming a peer support group, as discussed earlier. Workers also need health insurance that provides mental health coverage (Rosenbloom et al., 1995). Following is a quote from one young shelter worker who was seeing a therapist to deal with some of the challenges of her work: Its nice to be able to talk to an other professional person, It hink, who underst and salot of the crazy things that can happen working in as helter. It hink when you try to talk with your friends about it or family, they are horrified at some of the stories that you comeup with, so it help stoget feed back from an other professional who says, Oh,I know what youretalking about. Ive been there, and yes, that is very horrible.And mainly just to vent, just to be able to speak about it. To get it out, so it doesnt disrupt my life in other ways;in my sleep patterns or things like that.(asquotedin Bell,1998) Wade et al. (1996) also recommended that in addition to providing resources for therapy, organizations should provide opportunities for structured stress management and physical activities. Organizations with limited resources might consider exchanging training on areas of expertise with other agencies that have experts in stress management. Again, sending one staff member to a confere nce or workshop to learn stress management techniques and then asking that person to present what he or she learned to coworkers is a cost-effective way to circulate this information throughout an organization. Organizing something as simple as a walking or meditation group during the lunch hour or after work might also contribute to staff wellness at no cost. In summary, the physical and cultural environment of work may prevent or predispose social workers to vicarious trauma. Additional research is needed to understand how and to what degree social workers may be affected by the trauma they come into contact with in the workplace and which workplace variables are most salient. Furthermore, how vicarious trauma impacts the social workers relationship with clients is another fruitful area for study. Research that helps to clarify the relationship between vicarious trauma and burnout would also be useful in providing a clearer theoretical framework from which to make agency decisions. Conclusion Working with clients who have experienced traumatic events challenges many of the beliefs held in the dominant culture about justice and human cruelty. Being personally exposed to these realities can take a toll on social workers emotional resources and may effect their perceptions and worldviews in fundamental ways. Personal knowledge of oppre

Terry Tempest Williams Refuge Essay -- Refuge Terry Tempest Essays

Terry Tempest Williams' Refuge In Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams weaves together her experiences and relationships with family and nature, two major themes of Refuge, as well as two apparently important aspect of Williams’ life. The book is the story of the destruction of her family and the nature surrounding her, but it is these places that are being destroyed are the same places where Terry Tempest Williams finds comfort before, during and after cancer started to consume her life. I believe on the surface it is nature and family that provides her with comfort, but in actuality, it is something beneath the surface. As a young child, Williams was taught through the Mormon teachings to appreciate nature and family, finding God in both. It is through her Mormon faith that Williams is able to survive the pain, suffering and fear cancer causes her. Williams describes the deep-rooted connection between her Mormon faith and her family in the opening pages of Refuge. Through her family, Williams supported her mother and grandmother through their fatal cancers, while acknowledging that her Mormon faith stresses family and community (Williams 13), providing Williams, her mother and her grandmother with a support network through these difficult times. The National Cancer Institute articulates the importance of this support to a cancer patient, suggesting, â€Å"that having good information and support services can make it easier to cope,† adding, â€Å"friends and relatives can be very supportive,† and concluding with the usefulness of support groups (NCI website www.nci.nih.gov). In Refuge, Williams shows her support by sacrificing her own achievements, stating, â€Å"I have traded my position as curator of education for naturalist-in-resistanc... ...cember 2004): 1210-1214. Spiegel, David. â€Å"Spirituality and Cancer.† Integrating Research on Spirituality and Health and Well-being into Service Delivery Conference. Bethesda, Maryland. April 2005. Death is another beginning and What happens to families after death? 2005. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Site. April 12, 2005 www.mormon.org Spirituality in Cancer Care: Health Professional Version. March 22, 2005. National Cancer Institute Website. April 11, 2005 www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/spirituality/healtherprofessional.com Support for Women with Breast Cancer. October 30, 2003. National Cancer Institute Website. March 30, 2005. www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopic/wyntk/breast/page5 Expressing Emotions Helps Women with Breast Cancer. June 12, 2000. American Cancer Society Website. March 30, 2005. www.cancer.org

International Environmental Law and Developing Nations Essay

The global environment, in its magnificent entireness, is unburdened by boundaries that distance peoples and communities on the ground, created by manmade issues of race, language, and religion or through greed, conquest and political machination. Man, despite his many victories over nature is helpless in the face of universal natural forces and unable to protect the limited environs of his homeland from global environmental developments. While this ensures that even the most powerful nations are not able to restrict natural forces like the rains and the winds, it also leads to the effects of environmental degradation in one area manifesting themselves in peculiar ways in distant locations. Sulphur emissions in one country cause acid rain in another. Depletion of the ozone layer from CFCs used in one nation can lead to skin cancer on the opposite side of the world. The global environment is an integrated, yet evolving system. Such drivers of environmental change as population pressure and pollution know no boundaries; in fact the waste generated from such phenomena is released into the global commons of the seas and the air. When forests are cut down the ensuing carbon sequestration hastens global climate change. This is however only part of the devastation that occurs because forests also perform a variety of other ecosystem services, which include improving air quality, enriching soil, providing renewable resources, regulating hydrology, and contributing to biodiversity. The occurrence of many such natural phenomena are choked and their benefits lost when peoples and communities act unthinkingly and under the belief that their natural resources are theirs to do with as they please. (Barrett, 2005) Recent decades have seen the emergence of a global agreement amongst nations to act together to resist further environmental depredation and promote sustainable development, which in turn has resulted in the signing of numerous treaties and the enactment of laws concerning diverse environmental issues. While treaties and laws have been agreed upon and signed, their actual implementation has been inadequate due to reasons that include differing perceptions of individual nations about the various provisions of these agreements and their potential to impact national or regional objectives, as well as available infrastructure, systems and resources. (Victor, 2001) This assignment aims to delve into and investigate the reasons for these differences, especially the ones that exist between developing and developed nations, the impact of these issues upon global and regional environmental conditions and the actions needed to correct the situation. 2. Commentary International law has become very relevant to the environment in recent decades. Most nations, including Australia have entered into various treaties, conventions and agreements, many of them at the initiative of the United Nations. Important treaties signed since the beginning of the eighties include the Montreal Protocol on the Ozone Layer, the Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Heritage Convention and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change. The task of governing these treaties and safeguarding these enormously complex ecosystems falls on a number of local and international organizations, the most important of which is the United Nations Environment Programme, a key UN body entrusted with the task of coordinating the work of different organizations and gathering information. (Barrett, 2005) With more than 150 international much hyped treaties covering practically every aspect of life on earth, air and sea and providing for their protection from hazardous waste, deforestation, over fishing and other forms of depredation, the world should have by now become environmentally very safe. However even as extensive international action on working out treaties and agreements takes place, the actual position on the ground remains vastly different. Most of the provisions of these international laws exist only on paper, the constraints of international diplomacy and relations making them virtually irrelevant. (Mastny & French, 2002) The controversy surrounding the Kyoto Protocol represents the diverse issues raised by different nations that lead to differences of opinion, disagreements and finally delays in carrying out much needed environmental actions. The Kyoto Protocol was drawn up in Japan in 1997 to implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), its objective being to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by establishing reduction targets and by developing national programmes and policies. It binds industrialised nations to reduce worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5. 2% below their 1990 levels. Whilst a number of developed nations have ratified the treaty and committed their governments to achieving the set targets, the US has gone back on its earlier commitment (given in 2001), and President Bush has stated that the US will never sign the treaty. Even as negotiations are underway for enlarging the number of ratifying countries, strong opposition to ratifying the treaty still remains in Australia. While both the US and Australian administrations argue that the potential costs of implementing Kyoto make it detrimental to economic growth, they also feel Kyoto to be fundamentally flawed as it excludes developing countries, which account for 80 % of the world’s population, and whose carbon emissions will inevitably grow as they develop. Both China and India are exempt from Kyoto targets because of their low per capita emissions and their development needs. The fact that the US accounts for 25 % of global greenhouse emissions today and that Australia has one of the highest per capita emissions in the world has not dented the resolve of these counties not to ratify the treaty. (Shaffner, 2007)